文法講座 019：「包含；組成」consist of / compose / contain / comprise / constitute / include

consist of / compose / contain / include / comprise / constitute 這幾個動詞的意思都是「包含；組成」，但確切用法總令人昏頭轉向，接下來以「主動」和「被動」為主軸，一一加以說明。

▍主動語態：A 由 B 組成

A [大團體] consist of B [小團體]
A [大團體] comprise B [小團體]
A [大團體] contain B [小團體]
A [大團體] include B [小團體]
B [小團體] compose A [大團體]
B [小團體] constitute A [大團體]

▍被動語態：A 由 B 組成

A [大團體] be made up of B [小團體]
A [大團體] be composed of B [小團體]

 
consist of 和 comprise 沒有被動式

例：這本書由 10 個章節組成。

✓ The book consists of 10 chapters.
✓ The book comprises 10 chapters.
✓ The book contains 10 chapters.
✓ The book includes 10 chapters.
✓ Ten chapters compose the book.
✓ Ten chapters constitute the book.
✓ The book is made up of 10 chapters.
✓ The book is composed of 10 chapters. 

－－－

▍選出正確的句子

Ⓐ The prize consists a cheque for NT$100, 000, a medal and a certificate.

Ⓑ The ad made up of photos of many political leaders kissing draws lots of attention.

Ⓒ The team is consisted of three Americans and three Japanese.

ⒹThese twelve women are believed to comprise the jury.

－－－

Ⓐ 選項： 獎品包括一張十萬元支票、ㄧ個獎牌和ㄧ張證書

✓ 大團體 consist of / comprise / contain / include 小團體
✓ 大團體 is made up of / is composed of 小團體

綜合以上分析可知，需將句中的 consists 改成 consists of。

Ⓑ 選項：這個由許多著名政治領袖親吻的照片拼貼組合而成的廣告，引來軒然大波。

剖析句子演進過程：

✓ The ad which is made up of photos of many political leaders kissing draws lots of attention.

從句中「被動式」is made up of 可知，去掉關係代名詞後，應用 p.p. 分詞 made up of 當形容詞。

= The ad made up of photos of many political leaders kissing draws lots of attention. 

✓ The ad which consists of photos of many political leaders kissing draws lots of attention.

從句中「主動語態」consists of 可知，去掉關係代名詞後，應用 Ving 分詞 consisting 當形容詞。

= The ad consisting of photos of many political leaders kissing draws lots of attention. 

Ⓒ 選項：這個團隊由三個美國人和三個日本人組成。

大團體 consist of 小團體，且沒有被動式，句中 is consisted of 用法錯誤。

Ⓒ 選項句子寫法應改成：

✓ The team consists of three Americans and three Japanese.
✓ The team is made up of three Americans and three Japanese.
✓ Three Americans and three Japanese constitute the team. 

Ⓓ 選項：據說陪審團是由這 12 個女人組成。

大團體 comprise 小團體。題目裡 twelve women （小團體） comprise the jury（大團體），用法錯誤。

Ⓓ 選項句子寫法應改成：
✓ The jury is believed to comprise these twelve women.
✓ These twelve women are believed to compose the jury.

 答案：Ⓑ

－－－

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